Lumbar Spondylolysis and Spondylolisthesis: An Overview for Physical Therapists and Nursing
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Abstract
Background: Spondylolysis and spondylolisthesis are spinal conditions that affect the lumbar vertebrae, with spondylolysis referring to a defect in the pars interarticularis, while spondylolisthesis involves the anterior displacement of one vertebra over another. These conditions arise from factors such as repetitive trauma, aging, or congenital abnormalities, leading to instability, pain, and potential neurological deficits.
Aim: The aim of this article is to provide physical therapists and nursing professionals with an overview of spondylolysis and spondylolisthesis, highlighting their etiology, pathophysiology, diagnosis, management strategies, and prognosis.
Methods: This review synthesizes existing literature on spondylolysis and spondylolisthesis, focusing on their classification, clinical presentation, diagnostic methods (such as radiographs and MRI), and treatment approaches (ranging from conservative management to surgical intervention).
Results: Findings emphasize that spondylolysis often leads to spondylolisthesis, with various forms—such as isthmic, degenerative, traumatic, and dysplastic—emerging in different age groups. Conservative treatments, including physical therapy and pain management, are often effective in controlling symptoms, though surgical options are considered for severe cases.
Conclusion: Spondylolysis and spondylolisthesis are common causes of lower back pain, with treatment primarily focusing on conservative management. Physical therapy and lifestyle adjustments are essential for maintaining spinal stability. Surgical intervention is typically reserved for patients with significant neurological impairment or persistent symptoms.