Corticosteroids: An Updated Review for Healthcare Professionals

Abstract

Background: Corticosteroids, synthetic analogs of adrenal cortex hormones, are widely used across various medical domains due to their anti-inflammatory and immunosuppressive properties. These drugs, comprising glucocorticoids and mineralocorticoids, play critical roles in regulating metabolism, immune responses, and electrolyte balance.

Aim: This review provides an updated overview of corticosteroids, including their mechanisms of action, therapeutic applications, adverse effects, and contraindications, offering essential insights for healthcare professionals.

Methods: A comprehensive literature review was conducted, focusing on the pharmacological properties, clinical uses, and adverse effects of corticosteroids. Key mechanisms, routes of administration, and considerations for therapy initiation were analyzed.

Results: Corticosteroids demonstrate multifaceted mechanisms through genomic and non-genomic pathways, enabling suppression of inflammatory mediators and modulation of immune responses. They are used for conditions such as asthma, rheumatoid arthritis, inflammatory bowel disease, and adrenal insufficiency. However, their usage is constrained by adverse effects, including osteoporosis, adrenal suppression, hyperglycemia, myopathy, and psychiatric disturbances. The choice of administration route impacts efficacy and side-effect profiles, with systemic exposure often linked to increased risks.

Conclusion: Corticosteroids remain indispensable in clinical practice, but their potential adverse effects necessitate cautious use, tailored dosing, and regular monitoring. Understanding their mechanisms, therapeutic potential, and risks is vital for optimizing patient outcomes.