Epigenetic Biomarkers in Chronic Disease Progression: Applications for Personalized Care Plans by General Physicians and Nurses in Saudi Arabia's Vision 2030 Healthcare Model

Abstract

The Kingdom of Saudi Arabia's Vision 2030 healthcare model emphasizes the importance of personalized medicine in addressing the growing burden of chronic diseases. Epigenetic biomarkers have emerged as promising tools for disease risk prediction, early diagnosis, and targeted interventions in chronic conditions such as cardiovascular diseases, cancer, and diabetes. This review explores the potential applications of epigenetic biomarkers in personalized care plans delivered by general physicians and nurses in Saudi Arabia. We conducted a comprehensive literature search of relevant databases and selected studies based on predefined inclusion criteria. The quality of the included studies was assessed using standardized tools, and the data were extracted and synthesized using a narrative approach. The findings highlight the role of epigenetic biomarkers in identifying high-risk individuals, guiding treatment decisions, and monitoring disease progression and treatment response. We also discuss the challenges and opportunities for integrating epigenetic biomarkers into clinical practice, including the need for standardized protocols, training of healthcare professionals, and ethical considerations. The review provides recommendations for policy, practice, and research to support the implementation of epigenetic biomarkers in personalized care plans in Saudi Arabia's Vision 2030 healthcare model.