"Epistemological Aims and the Determination of Useful Sciences: A Comparative Study of al-Fārābī and al-Ghazālī in the Classification of Practical and Theoretical Knowledge"

Abstract

This research aims to clarify the differences in defining cognitive goals and beneficial sciences between Al-Fārābī and Al-Ghazālī, based on their theoretical and practical classifications of the sciences. To achieve its objectives, the study adopts three main methodologies: the descriptive approach, the analytical approach, and the comparative approach. The findings indicate that Al-Fārābī classifies the sciences from a logical and philosophical perspective, while Al-Ghazālī approaches them from a purely religious and Sufi standpoint. However, both thinkers agree that the ultimate purpose of these sciences is to achieve human happiness. According to Al-Fārābī, beneficial sciences are those that develop the intellect and contribute to the well-being of society within the framework of the ideal city. He views knowledge as an end in itself and maintains that the advancement of human beings in the theoretical sciences brings them closer to true happiness. In contrast, Al-Ghazālī defines beneficial sciences as those that strengthen faith and purify the soul, thereby leading to eternal happiness. He considers knowledge not as an end, but as a means to righteous action, where the correct application of knowledge enables self-purification. If misused, however, knowledge may become a source of harm to its possessor.