Vitamin K Deficiency: An Updated Review for Healthcare Providers

Abstract

Background: Vitamin K is a fat-soluble vitamin essential for blood coagulation, bone metabolism, and cardiovascular health. Deficiency can lead to bleeding disorders, osteoporosis, and vascular calcification, with neonates being particularly vulnerable to life-threatening hemorrhage without prophylaxis.

Aim: This review examines the pathophysiology, clinical implications, and management strategies for vitamin K deficiency across populations, emphasizing evidence-based interventions to prevent complications.

Methods: A comprehensive analysis of current literature, clinical guidelines, and ongoing trials was conducted, focusing on diagnostic approaches, treatment protocols, and interprofessional care coordination.

Results: Vitamin K deficiency is preventable with appropriate supplementation. Intramuscular prophylaxis in newborns reduces VKDB incidence to near zero, while oral regimens require strict adherence. Adults benefit from dietary adjustments or supplementation, particularly those with malabsorption or on anticoagulants. PIVKA-II testing provides reliable deficiency detection, and emerging research suggests potential roles in chronic disease mitigation.

Conclusion: Timely intervention and multidisciplinary collaboration are critical to optimizing outcomes. Neonatal prophylaxis remains a public health priority, and tailored approaches improve management in high-risk adults.