Faith, Logic, and Modern Challenges: The Adaptive Journey of 'Ilm al-Kalam in Islamic Thought

Abstract

This paper examines 'Ilm al-Kalam, an essential discipline within Islamic theology focused on defending religious doctrines and elaborating beliefs through reasoned argumentation. Originating in the early centuries of Islam to counter doctrinal challenges, 'Ilm al-Kalam has since shaped Islamic intellectual history, primarily through the rationalist Mu'tazila and traditionalist Ash'ariyya schools. These schools contributed key theological concepts around divine unity, justice, and prophecy while addressing the dynamic relationship between reason and revelation. This paper also explores 'Ilm al-Kalam's enduring relevance, highlighting its role in contemporary debates on rationality, faith, and modern secular challenges. By tracing 'Ilm al-Kalam's evolution, this study offers insights into its impact on Islamic thought and its potential for addressing modern theological questions.