Ocular Burns: An Updated Review for Ophthalmologists, Nursing, Pharmacists, and Healthcare Workers.

Abstract

Background: Ocular burns, whether thermal or chemical, represent a significant ophthalmic emergency with the potential for severe and lasting damage to vision and quality of life. Chemical burns, in particular, can cause progressive tissue damage, leading to complications such as corneal scarring, limbal stem cell deficiency, and permanent vision loss. The global incidence of ocular burns remains poorly understood, with alkali burns being more common than acid burns. Immediate and effective intervention is critical to minimizing long-term morbidity.

Aim: This review aims to provide an updated overview of the etiology, pathophysiology, epidemiology, and management of ocular burns for ophthalmologists, nurses, pharmacists, and healthcare workers such as security workers, health information, and medical records. It emphasizes the importance of timely intervention, multidisciplinary care, and patient education to improve outcomes.

Methods: The review synthesizes current literature on ocular burns, focusing on classification systems, diagnostic approaches, and evidence-based treatment strategies. It highlights the roles of various healthcare professionals in managing acute and chronic phases of ocular burns, including emergency decontamination, pharmacological interventions, and surgical rehabilitation.

Results: Early and aggressive irrigation is the cornerstone of acute management, with lactated Ringer’s solution being the preferred irrigant. Topical corticosteroids, antibiotics, and cycloplegics are used to control inflammation and prevent infection. Severe cases may require surgical interventions such as amniotic membrane transplantation or limbal stem cell grafting. Prognosis depends on the extent of limbal ischemia and conjunctival involvement, with classification systems like Roper-Hall and Dua guiding treatment decisions.

Conclusion: Ocular burns require a multidisciplinary approach to optimize outcomes. Immediate decontamination, tailored pharmacological therapy, and timely surgical interventions are essential. Patient education and preventive measures, particularly in workplace settings, are crucial to reducing the incidence of ocular burns.